![]() The increase in photosynthesis caused by e results in an increase in carbohydrate production, which alters the plant's carbon and nitrogen metabolism. Due to these negative effects, understanding plant responses to e will become increasingly important as CO 2 levels rise. However, e also causes negative effects which could have serious consequences for the quality of the crop species, such as, declines in a variety of nutrients including protein concentrations of food crops ( Fernando et al., 2015 Broberg et al., 2017), vitamins and some macro- and micro-elements ( Högy and Fangmeier, 2008 Myers et al., 2014). Elevated CO 2 concentrations, written henceforth as e, cause increased photosynthesis in plants, which subsequently lead to positive effects such as greater growth, above-ground biomass, and yield ( Ainsworth and Long, 2005 van der Kooi et al., 2016). The resulting increase in CO 2 will lead to a variety of both positive and negative effects on major agricultural crops used to feed the global population, many of which may yet be unknown. Predictions warn that the global CO 2 concentration will continue to rise due in part to humanity's continued carbon emissions ( Meehl et al., 2007). Since the industrial revolution, global atmospheric CO 2 concentrations have rapidly increased, rising from 280 ppm to currently exceed 400 ppm ( Canadell et al., 2007 Tans and Keeling, 2016). This review provides an update on the role of sugars as signaling molecules in plant roots and thus explores the currently known functions that may be affected by elevated. Sugars also crosstalk with hormones to regulate root growth, but also affect hormone biosynthesis. Glucose and sucrose also promote root growth, an effect similar to what occurs under elevated. At elevated, some plants allocate greater amounts of sugars to roots where they are likely to act on gene regulation and therefore modify nutrient uptake and transport. Particularly, the sugar signaling pathways of roots are not well understood, along with how they are affected by elevated. Currently, there is a lack of information on how the sugar sensing and signaling pathways of plants are affected by the higher content of carbohydrates produced under elevated. These carbohydrates are a major energy source for plant growth, but they also act as signaling molecules and have a range of uses beyond being a source of carbon and energy. Which organ the extra carbohydrates are allocated to varies between species, but also within species. Elevated causes increased photosynthesis in plants, which leads to greater production of carbohydrates and biomass. Plant responses to atmospheric carbon dioxide will be of great concern in the future, as carbon dioxide concentrations () are predicted to continue to rise. 2Faculty of Life Sciences, Toyo University, Itakura-machi, Japan.1Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia.Michael Thompson 1, Dananjali Gamage 1, Naoki Hirotsu 1,2, Anke Martin 1 and Saman Seneweera 1 *
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